Standardization means doing things more consistently.

Automation is a form of standardization.

Affinity grouping (think of the Post-It note exercise) can help identify classes of items amenable to standardization. (They may be configurable as well).

Six Sigma primarily involves reducing variation, which is a form of standardization.

Developing formal standard operating procedures (SOPs) and related training makes it easier to spot errors and enhances quality.

Modularization means turning components (processes, code, and physical items) into standardized things that can be put together in different combinations like Lego.

Replacing modularized assemblies instead of directly repairing individual components can simplify maintenance as well as construction and manufacturing.

Working with modular components can lead to producing prefabricated items that can be assembled on site.

Modularization can greatly reduce the amount of custom work.